QSPower battery, energy storage lithium battery

No	Battery Size	Battery Wrap	Battery Positve Terminal	Material	Nominal Voltage, Volt	Full Voltage, Volt	Cut-off Voltage, Volt	Size(mm) ±0.5mm		Capacity, mAh
								Diameter	Height
1	18650	Black	Button Top / Flat Top	lithium ion	3.7V	4.25V	3.0V	18	65	1200mAh 1500mAh 1800mAh 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh 3000mAh 3400mAh
2	18650 with Cable Connector	Green	Flat Top	lithium ion	3.7V	4.25V	3.0V	18	65	2600mAh
3	18650 with Micro USB Charging Port	Red	Button Top	lithium ion	3.7V	4.25V	3.0V	18	65	2600mAh 3400mAh

Cobalt is a bit more complex. Its major source is the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which has a history of violent conflict and corruption. “That’s been a challenge,” Olivetti says. Cobalt is typically produced as a byproduct of other mining activity. “Often a mine’s revenue comes from nickel, and cobalt is a secondary product,” she says.

But the main potential cause of delays in obtaining new supplies of the mineral comes from not its inherent geographic distribution, but the actual extraction infrastructure. “The delay is in the ability to open new mines,” she says. “With any of these things, the material is out there, but the question is at what price.” To guard against possible disruptions in the cobalt supply, she says, researchers “are trying to move to cathode materials [for lithium-ion batteries] that are less cobalt-dependent.”

The study looked out over the next 15 years, and within that time frame, Olivetti says, there are potentially some bottlenecks in the supply chain, but no serious obstacles to meeting the rising demand. Still, she says, “it’s important for stakeholders to be aware of the bottlenecks,” as unanticipated supply disruptions could put some companies out of business. Companies need to think about alternative sources, and “know where and when to panic.”